Molecular biology of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels. Amigorena, S. Ion channel blockers inhibit B cell activation at a precise stage of the G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Google Scholar. Ashcroft, F. Glucose induces closure of single potassium channels in isolated rat pancreatic beta-cells. Nature , — Ashmore, J. Cochlear outer hair cell motility.
Asmar, A. Membrane channel gene expression in human costal and articular chondrocytes. Organogenesis 12, 94— Barrett-Jolley, R. The emerging chondrocyte channelome. Belle, M. Daily electrical silencing in the mammalian circadian clock. Science , — Bellono, N. UV light phototransduction activates transient receptor potential A1 ion channels in human melanocytes. Berendsen, A. Biglycan modulates angiogenesis and bone formation during fracture healing.
Matrix Biol. Binggeli, R. Cellular potentials of normal and cancerous fibroblasts and hepatocytes. Cancer Res. PubMed Abstract Google Scholar. Membrane potentials and sodium channels: hypotheses for growth regulation and cancer formation based on changes in sodium channels and gap junctions. Blackiston, D. Transmembrane potential of GlyCl-expressing instructor cells induces a neoplastic-like conversion of melanocytes via a serotonergic pathway. Brilla, C. Hormonal regulation of cardiac fibroblast function.
Heart J. C , 45— Brownell, W. What is electromotility? The history of its discovery and its relevance to acoustics. Today 13, 20— Burr, H. Biologic organization and the cancer problem. Yale J. Bio-electric correlates of methylcolanthrene-induced tumors in mice. Cang, C. The voltage-gated sodium channel TPC1 confers endolysosomal excitability. Cha, C. Chernet, B. Endogenous voltage potentials and the microenvironment: bioelectric signals that reveal, induce and normalize cancer.
Transmembrane voltage potential is an essential cellular parameter for the detection and control of tumor development in a Xenopus model. Chifflet, S. A possible role for membrane depolarization in epithelial wound healing. Cell Physiol. Chilton, L. Heart Circ. Clapham, D. TRP channels as cellular sensors. Clark, R. Channels 4, — Cone, C. Unified theory on the basic mechanism of normal mitotic control and oncogenesis.
The role of the surface electrical transmembrane potential in normal and malignant mitogenesis. Contact inhibition of division: involvement of the electrical transmembrane potential. Curtis, H. Membrane resting and action potentials from the squid giant axon. Deutsch, C. Voltage-gated potassium conductance in human T lymphocytes stimulated with phorbol ester.
Djamgoz, M. Cell Sci. Dubocovich, M. Melatonin receptors: role on sleep and circadian rhythm regulation. Sleep Med. Feetham, C. Ion channels in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus PVN ; emerging diversity and functional roles. PLoS One 8:e Frangogiannis, N. The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Frid, M. Smooth muscle cell heterogeneity in pulmonary and systemic vessels. Importance in vascular disease. Garcia, M. Use of toxins to study potassium channels. Garcia-Calvo, M.
Purification, characterization, and biosynthesis of margatoxin, a component of Centruroides margaritatus venom that selectively inhibits voltage-dependent potassium channels. Guilak, F. Mechanical and biochemical changes in the superficial zone of articular cartilage in canine experimental osteoarthritis.
Harland, B. The potential and electric field in the cochlear outer hair cell membrane. Hober, R. Pflugers Arch. Hodgkin, A. A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo.
Humphries, E. Neuronal and cardiovascular potassium channels as therapeutic drug targets: promise and pitfalls. Izumo, M. Kerrigan, M. Lagostena, L. The human two-pore channel 1 is modulated by cytosolic and luminal calcium. Lange, C. Stem Cells Dev. Lewis, R. The role of the membrane potential in chondrocyte volume regulation. Cell volume control in chondrocytes. Lin, C. Membrane phosphoinositides control insulin secretion through their effects on K ATP channel activity.
Diabetes Metab. Lobikin, M. Resting potential, oncogene-induced tumorigenesis, and metastasis: the bioelectric basis of cancer in vivo. Luxardi, G. However, the neurons have far more potassium leakage channels than sodium leakage channels. Therefore, potassium diffuses out of the cell at a much faster rate than sodium leaks in. Because more cations are leaving the cell than are entering, this causes the interior of the cell to be negatively charged relative to the outside of the cell.
The actions of the sodium potassium pump help to maintain the resting potential, once established. As more cations are expelled from the cell than taken in, the inside of the cell remains negatively charged relative to the extracellular fluid.
It should be noted that chlorine ions Cl — tend to accumulate outside of the cell because they are repelled by negatively-charged proteins within the cytoplasm. Improve this page Learn More. Skip to main content. Module The Nervous System. Search for:.
This video discusses the basis of the resting membrane potential. Try It. When a neuron is at rest, potassium channels are the main type of ion channel that are open. Another transmembrane protein, the sodium potassium pump, uses energy to continuously move sodium out of the cell, and potassium in. This action creates a concentration gradient, with a higher concentration of potassium inside than outside.
The force of diffusion then causes potassium ions to move down their concentration gradient, through the open potassium channels, and out of the cell. The movement of these positive ions out combined with negatively charged proteins inside the cell creates a negative charge inside the membrane, a negative potential when a neuron is at rest.
The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is generated by differences in permeability of the membrane to various ions and the concentrations of these ions across the membrane. The membrane potential of a cell can be measured by inserting a microelectrode into a cell and comparing the charge to a reference electrode in the extracellular fluid.
The membrane potential of a neuron at rest—that is, a neuron not currently receiving or sending messages—is negative, typically around millivolts mV.
This is called the resting membrane potential. The negative value indicates that the inside of the membrane is relatively more negative than the outside—it is polarized. The resting potential results from two major factors: selective permeability of the membrane, and differences in ion concentration inside the cell compared to outside. Cell membranes are selectively permeable because most ions and molecules cannot cross the lipid bilayer without help, often from ion channel proteins that span the membrane.
This is because the charged ions cannot diffuse through the uncharged hydrophobic interior of membranes. These positive charges leaving the cell, combined with the fact that there are many negatively charged proteins inside the cell, causes the inside to be relatively more negative. The net effect is the observed negative resting potential. The resting potential is very important in the nervous system because changes in membrane potential—such as the action potential—are the basis for neural signaling.
Pufferfish is not often found on many seafood menus outside of Japan, in part because they contain a potent neurotoxin. Tetrodotoxin TTX is a very selective voltage-gated sodium channel blocker that is lethal in minimal doses. It has also served as an essential tool in neuroscience research. It, therefore, disrupts action potentials—but not the resting membrane potential—and can be used to silence neuronal activity. Its mechanism of action was demonstrated by Toshio Narahashi and John W.
Moore at Duke University, working on the giant lobster axon in Cardozo, David. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences 84, no. To learn more about our GDPR policies click here. If you want more info regarding data storage, please contact gdpr jove.
Your access has now expired. Provide feedback to your librarian. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to our customer success team. Login processing Chapter Nervous System. Chapter 1: Scientific Inquiry. Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life.
0コメント