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Help us find the facts We need your support to provide data-driven analysis that makes the case for ending mass incarceration. Our work is possible because of individual contributions:. Can you support us today? And our other newsletters: Research Library updates? Prison gerrymandering campaign? Youth Confinement: The Whole Pie Tweet this By Wendy Sawyer Press Release December 19, On any given day, over 48, youth in the United States are confined in facilities away from home as a result of juvenile justice or criminal justice involvement.
Demographics and disparities among confined youth Generally speaking, state juvenile justice systems handle cases involving defendants under the age of Most youth are held in correctional-style facilities Juvenile court terminology The terms used in juvenile courts are not the same as those used for adults.
Types of facilities What are the differences between the various kinds of facilities that confine youth? Correctional facilities: Detention center: A short-term facility that provides temporary care in a physically restricting environment for juveniles in custody pending court disposition and, often, for juveniles who are adjudicated delinquent and awaiting disposition or placement elsewhere, or are awaiting transfer to another jurisdiction.
Long-term secure facility: A specialized type of facility that provides strict confinement for its residents. Includes training schools, reformatories, and juvenile correctional facilities. Residential-style facilities: Residential treatment center: A facility that focuses on providing some type of individually planned treatment program for youth substance abuse, sex offender, mental health, etc. Group home: A long-term facility in which residents are allowed extensive contact with the community, such as attending school or holding a job.
Includes halfway houses. Includes ranches, forestry camps, wilderness or marine programs, or farms. Shelter: A short-term facility that provides temporary care similar to that of a detention center, but in a physically unrestricting environment.
Boot camp: A secure facility that operates like military basic training. There is emphasis on physical activity, drills, and manual labor.
Length of stay is generally longer than detention but shorter than most long-term commitments. Other: Includes facilities such as alternative schools and independent living, etc.
A note about language used in this report Many terms related to the juvenile justice system are contentious. Read the language note. Footnotes A full explanation of the juvenile justice process is beyond the scope of this report. Michele Deitch authored a more comprehensive overview of the history, standards, legislation, and contemporary issues related to the juvenile justice system in Ch.
Currently, 5 states continue to automatically prosecute year-olds as adults — Georgia, Michigan, Missouri, Texas, and Wisconsin. Missouri raised the age of juvenile court jurisdiction to 17 in ; the law will go into effect January 1, Additionally, some states also define the lower bounds of the juvenile justice system; in North Carolina, for example, children as young as 6 can be adjudicated in the juvenile justice system.
In the states that specified a minimum age for transferring youth to criminal court, the youngest children that could be transferred were 10 years old in Iowa and Wisconsin. Unfortunately, youth in Indian country facilities cannot be compared to those in other juvenile facilities by age or offense type these are reported differently than in the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement , and data on security type locked versus staff-secured and length of stay are not reported for Indian country facilities.
These time frames are therefore not necessarily reflective of how long surveyed youths were ultimately confined. When youth and adults come into contact in these facilities, it should only be under direct staff supervision. Furthermore, facilities should avoid putting youth in isolation to comply with these standards.
In , The Atlantic reported, in greater depth, the risks of sexual abuse and violence to youth in adult facilities. Richard E. Sedlak, Ph. May Note that the Survey of Youth in Residential Placement data is from ; the survey has only been conducted once so more recent data is not available.
A more aggressive estimate could include all non-violent offenses. It does not include any of the 3, youth detained in adult jails in , even though many are likely unconvicted, because their conviction status was not reported. See the methodology for details. A few excellent examples include recommendations from the Annie E. While incarceration inflicts serious harm to incarcerated adults, the experience of being removed from their homes and locked up is uniquely damaging for youth, who are in a critical stage of development and are more vulnerable to abuse than adults.
Read about the data In an effort to capture the full scope of youth confinement, this report aggregates data on youth held in both juvenile and adult facilities. Adult jails: The Bureau of Justice Statistics BJS reports the number of people age 17 or younger held in local jails with a breakdown of how many are held as adults versus juveniles in Table 3 of Jail Inmates in Indian country: BJS reports the number of youths age 17 and younger in Indian country jails by facility and sex in Appendix table 4 of Jails in Indian Country, Although BJS provides a national estimate using data imputed for nonresponse in the same table estimating males and 60 females , we used the reported numbers 84 males and 52 females because they correspond to the more detailed facility-level data.
These youth are included in our total population of youth confinement, but excluded from analysis of the characteristics of juvenile facilities and youth in residential placement, which is based on the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement CJRP data.
BJS reports some details that are similar to CJRP data, but do not match them enough to the two combine datasets for example, offense categories are different, completely excluding technical violations and status offenses. Stay Informed Email:. Prison Policy Initiative newsletter? Research Library? Prison gerrymandering? Recommended Reading:. Five ways the criminal justice system could slow the pandemic Quick action could slow the spread of the viral pandemic in prisons and jails and in society as a whole.
Youth correctional facilities include detention centers, long-term secure facilities, and short-term reception centers. A substantial number of juveniles are held in adult prisons and jails. Juvenile justice practitioners typically agree that confining youth is generally not in the best interest of young offenders or the public.
Juvenile detention centers are meant to provide safe and temporary custody, but youth correctional centers are large, locked facilities that generally resemble adult prisons. Two-thirds of youth in juvenile facilities are held for longer than a month, according to Prison Policy Initiative. Incarcerated youth are at risk for physical and psychological abuse, sexual assault, and suicide. Education services are limited.
Adverse effects associated with detention include poorer life outcomes, including less success with educational attainment, personal and family relationships, and gainful employment. Risk factors associated with a higher likelihood of juvenile delinquency can be organized into four categories:.
Experts in preventive strategies for addressing juvenile delinquency advocate for evidence-based practices that have been evaluated and shown to be effective in reducing or preventing crime. One example of such practices is early detection programs, which attempt to intervene before delinquent behavior occurs.
Examples include preschool programs and home visitation programs involving social workers and other health professionals. A diverse group of organizations, including government agencies and advocacy groups, have developed programs aimed at reducing juvenile delinquency.
Those programs target various issues related to juvenile delinquency:. Addressing juvenile delinquency and its underlying causes requires effort from professionals involved in social work, social justice, and criminology. The skills and knowledge needed to be successful advocates for change differ depending on the job, but experts across these fields share an understanding of the criminal justice system and of strategies for reducing risk factors associated with juvenile delinquency.
More importantly, they share a desire to improve outcomes and reduce recidivism among juvenile offenders. Family members, friends, and other concerned members of society can also play a role in advocating for change in the juvenile justice system.
Skip to main content. Apply Program Guide. Juvenile delinquency statistics, risk factors, and resources for helping American youth View all blog posts under Articles View all blog posts under Bachelor's in Sociology. The impact of crime policy Multiple factors contribute to changes in incarceration rates, including crime rates, but clear links exist between major changes in prison population and specific laws and policies. Juvenile delinquency statistics in the U. Juvenile detention centers In the U.
Despite positive trends in child arrests, 1, children are arrested in the U. More than , children were arrested in the U. Graphic Novels for Youth in Custody. Highlights of the National Youth Gang Survey. Improving Literacy Skills of Juvenile Detainees. Juvenile Arrests Juvenile Court Statistics Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Gang Prevention. Juvenile Mentoring Program: Report to Congress. Juveniles in Residential Placement, Make a Friend-Be a Peer Mentor. Native American Traditional Justice Practices.
Predictors of Youth Violence. Reintegration, Supervised Release, and Intensive Aftercare. Risk Assessment for Adolescents. Serving Youth in Confinement. Socioeconomic Mapping and Resource Topography. Special Education and the Juvenile Justice System. Spring Issue of Journal of Juvenile Justice. The Impact of Gangs on Communities.
The Northwestern Juvenile Project: Overview. Trauma-informed Care and Outcomes Among Youth. Women and Girls in the Corrections System.
Gender-Specific Programming. Juvenile Offenders and Victims: National Report. Promote Your Youth Program. Report: Juvenile Court Statistics. Report: Juveniles in Residential Placement, Resource: Beyond the Box Resource Guide.
Resource: Building a School Responder Model. Resource: Child Labor Trafficking. Resource: Drug Courts.
Resource: Statistical Briefing Book. Resource: Tribal Access to Justice Innovation. The Effects of Adolescent Development on Policing. Tribal Crime Data Collection Activities, National Juvenile Justice Evaluation Center. National Reentry Resource Center. Grants A Resource from Department of Justice.
National Institute of Corrections. Performance Measures Resources. Problem-Oriented Guides for Police. Resource: Re-Entry Education Toolkit. Risk and Protective Factors Data Tool. Understanding Teen Dating Violence. Disproportionate Minority Contact. Federal Bureau of Prisons.
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