Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Share Flipboard Email. Ancient History and Latin Expert. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin.
Updated November 06, Featured Video. Cite this Article Format. Gill, N. The Beginning of the Ionian Revolt. Important Kings of the Ancient Middle East. Kings and Emperors Called "The Great". A List of the Satrapies of the Achaemenid Persians. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for ThoughtCo. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page. These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data.
We and our partners process data to: Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Onesilus proceeded to besiege it; the reason given by Herodotus 5. This revolt was a serious blow for Darius, calling for immediate reaction. A hostile Cyprus could cut the sea route to Egypt and threatened the security of Phoenicia. Onesilus sent for aid to the Ionian cities, soliciting them individually: Herodotus 5. See 5.
For another instance, see 1. The cities seem to have come to a common decision to send aid. Again, in 7. As in the latter case, we must assume that the probouloi whom Herodotus places at the Panionium were envoys sent by the cities that had decided to revolt, and that their common decision was not actually binding on the individual cities.
Onesilus succeeded in killing Artybius, but died when abandoned by his army Hdt. Although Soli withstood a siege for four months, the Persians met no other resistance and by the end of again securely controlled Cyprus. Meanwhile some strange events had been taking place in Ionia, the chronology of which Herodotus does not enable us to understand with any certainty.
The commanders who had destroyed the Ionian army at Ephesus—Daurises, Hymaees and Otanes, all, according to Herodotus, sons-in-law of Darius—continued to reduce the demoralized cities. Various attempts have been made to recover the Old Persian forms of the names. Otanes is certain; cf. The two may in fact be identified, since we may assume that the conspirator was of about the same age as Darius.
For the others, see Mayrhofer, , p. Daurises, assigned the Hellespont, reduced four cities in one day each, obviously without resistance. It was at this point late early ? Marching to meet the rebels, he inflicted two crushing defeats on them, the second near Labraunda also involving a Milesian corps sent to assist the Carians.
After this we do not know how long after, but presumably not soon: perhaps ? Amorges and Sisimaces are not mentioned elsewhere; they must have been subordinates of Daurises. A bastard son of Pissuthnes Thuc. The Persians seem now to have given up the war in Caria for the time being. On the Carian campaign, see Hdt. Meanwhile Hymaees, after some successes in the northwest, fell ill and died. Artaphernes now had to take personal command, with Otanes under him; and they took Ionian Clazomenae and Aeolian Cyme Hdt.
At this point it seems Aristagoras decided he was not safe in Miletus. After considering various plans, he went to the Thracian town which Histiaeus had received from the King and which had apparently remained unmolested during his long absence.
While trying to extend its territory at the expense of the Edonians, in whose area it was situated, he was caught and killed by them Hdt. The return of Histiaeus. When Darius heard of the Revolt and of the fall of Sardis, he sent Histiaeus, just as the latter had hoped, to try to pacify Miletus and, with it, Ionia Hdt.
This clearly marks the whole conversation as fictitious. Histiaeus first went to Sardis, probably in order to ask Artaphernes to reinstate him. As usual, Herodotus does not coordinate the chronology: we do not know whether, when Histiaeus reached Sardis, Aristagoras had already left Miletus.
If Histiaeus left Susa soon after the King heard of the fall of Sardis, perhaps at the turn of and , Histiaeus may have left Susa early in and arrived at Sardis about the middle of the year.
The successes and death of Hymaees should be put early in , since it must have been quite late in the previous season by the time the battle of Ephesus was fought. The chronology has to be reconstructed from Herodotus, who fails to give one. Grundy , p. However, unless we totally ignore Herodotus, Darius must have dispatched Histiaeus as soon as possible after he heard of the burning of Sardis, i. Grundy was explicitly followed by H. Swoboda RE 8.
It is worth noting that the two men were not in touch; Herodotus would surely have mentioned any communication or coordination between them. Histiaeus had quite probably gone to Sardis for the reason Aristagoras seems to have suspected. More probably, his choosing to go to Artaphernes in the first instance suggests that he was keeping his options open.
At Sardis Histiaeus had discovered that some Persians there were plotting against the King. He now wrote to them, but Artaphernes intercepted the letters and dealt with the plotters. He next tried to force an entrance into Miletus, but was thrown out by the citizens. He managed, however, to obtain a few ships from the Lesbians, seized Byzantium, and forced ships sailing out of the Black Sea either to join him or to surrender to him, which probably meant slavery for the crews Hdt.
To anticipate: Histiaeus stayed there until the fall of Miletus below. He then succeeded in seizing Chios but failed to take Thasos. He was clearly trying to carve out a little principality for himself; but, on landing near Atarneus in order to collect food supplies, he was captured by Harpagus, who had occupied the area with a large force.
Mayrhofer [] does not come to any conclusion on the name. Harpagus took him to Artaphernes at Sardis, where he was at once executed as a traitor. His head was sent to Darius, who, evidently not knowing what Artaphernes had known, blamed the satrap and had the head honorably buried as that of a benefactor of the King Hdt. The end of the Revolt. By the Persians had mustered a large army and a fleet from among their naval subjects. The Ionians decided that they must leave Miletus to sustain a siege, but that they would fight at sea; a victory would make a continued siege of Miletus pointless.
A man of Phocaea was appointed to prepare the fleet, made up of several city contingents, for the battle Hdt. The Persians tried to use diplomatic methods. They contacted some of the cities through their tyrants in exile, promising immunity in exchange for surrender, but threatening severe punishment in case of continued resistance. Herodotus reports that none of the cities accepted the offer 6. The Ionians, however, would not submit to the discipline of coordinated training under the Phocaean 6.
Although the Chians fought bravely, they were ultimately overwhelmed 6. Miletus still held out, but inevitably fell after some months It was harshly punished: most of the men captured were killed, and the women and children were enslaved and deported.
The sanctuary at Didyma was sacked and burned down, no doubt in order to avenge the destruction of the sanctuary of Cybele at Sardis under Milesian leadership. The city and its territory were settled by Persians and Carians.
Herodotus goes on to tell some individual escape stories, quote an oracle foretelling the fate of Miletus, and briefly relate the capture and cruel punishment of various cities, which ended the war; he also prepares us for the story of Miltiades the Athenian, which was to become a topic of major interest in 6. During Artaphernes began the task of pacification. See Nenci, , commentary on 6. Early in , Mardonius, a son of Gobryas q.
For Gobryas, see Hdt. See Nenci, , ad loc. In this connection he announced the removal of all the tyrants and the establishment of democracies in all the Ionian cities Hdt. Herodotus obviously had no clear idea of its working in institutional terms. In the Ionian cities, only one tyrant is known between this time and the Athenian conquest—Strattis of Chios Hdt. The announcement by Mardonius seems to have been limited to Ionia.
Herodotus does not report its extension to the other Greek rebels especially the Aeolians or the Carians, whose reintegration into the Persian kingdom, by surrender or by force, he had mentioned only in one short sentence 6. Hymaees moved west to replace him in the Hellespont area, where he recaptured the area around Illium, before dying of an illness. The third army, under Otanes and Artaphernes, was last to move, but then captured Clazomenae in Ionia and Cyme in Aeolis.
These successes unnerved Aristagoras, who decided to flee into exile in Thrace. After some initial success in the area he was killed while besieging a Thracian town, probably in or Daurises met with mixed results in Caria. In he won two major victories. He defeated a Carian force on the River Maeander. The Carians then received Milesian reinforcements and decided to fight on, but suffered a heavier defeat, possibly near their religious sanctuary at Labraunda.
This was followed by a gap of uncertain length, in which the Carians regrouped and Daurises prepared to attack their cities. When he was finally ready to move he ran into an ambush at Pedasus , probably in BC. Daurises and several other senior Persians were killed and his army was almost wiped out. Herodotus fills the gap with the exploits of Histiaeus, who reached Sardis, but was quickly forced to flee. He offered his service to the Ionians, but was rejected.
He attempted to instigate a plot amongst the Persians at Sardis, but his efforts were discovered and his Persian contacts were killed.
He attempted to force his way back into power at Miletus, but was repelled. He then fled to Mytilene, where he was given a small fleet of triremes, and began to operate as a pirate from a base at Byzantium. The decisive battle of the war came in BC.
The Persians decided to concentrate all of their efforts against Miletus, sending a large army and a large fleet towards the city.
The Ionians decided to leave the defence of the city itself to the Milesians, and to concentrate on the defeat of the Persian fleet. They gathered a fleet of triremes from nine cities, and took up a position at the island of Lade.
However when battle was joined the Ionian fleet collapsed battle of Lade, BC. The Samian fleet was first to desert, followed by the Lesbians, and then by several other contingents. Those that did stand and fight were defeated.
This left Miletus exposed to a siege , and the city fell after the walls were sapped. The men were killed or deported, the women and children sold into slavery and the temples destroyed. A destruction layer from this period has been discovered, confirming the destruction. The Ionians now found themselves under attack from two sides. On one side were the Persians, who began a brutal reconquest of Ionia. On the other side was Histiaeus, who returned from Byzantium, invaded the island of Chios, which had been greatly weakened by the losses suffered at Lade.
He then attacked Thasos, but abandoned this when the Persian fleet began to move towards him. He retreated to Lesbos, but soon ran short of food. He decided to launch a raid on the mainland, hoping to find food in Mysia, on the south coast of the Sea of Marmara. During this raid he ran into a Persian army commanded by a general called Harpagus and was defeated in battle at Malene BC. He was captured at the end of the battle and was executed by Artaphernes, who didn't want to risk letting him near Darius.
The Persians began their campaign by restoring Aeaces as tyrant of Samos, and as promised Samos was left intact. They then occupied Caria. This took them the rest of the campaigning season, and they spent the winter at Miletus. The campaign resumed in the spring of First they captured the islands of Chios, Lesbos and Tenedos, and hunted down the entire population of the islands.
0コメント